A Report On State Bank Of India - 955 Words

The following are the major findings of the report: 1. It is evident from personal observation and also from the analysis of 5.1,5.2,5.3 and5.4 that: †¢ Almost 95% of the people in Guwahati have their accounts in State Bank of India. This is because everyone has the stereotype that State Bank of India is the best amongst all the banks. †¢ The younger generation people are comfortable in banking with the privatized banks while the elder generation seems to be comfortable with the nationalized banks. †¢ Now a days, it is found that customers are willing to have their accounts in multiple banks rather than having it in one bank. †¢ When asked about the people about which sector they would prefer banking with, the response was a mixed one. As most†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Also other services like statement enquiry, insurance services, mobile and internet banking etc. are also gaining importance day by day and these have to be looked by the banks seriously. 2. It is evident from personal observation and also from the analysis of 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 5.5.5 and 5.5.6 that: †¢ The various facilities provided by the banks like availability of information brochures, ATM machines in convenient locations, no long line ups at counters etc. are very important now a days to gain customer satisfaction regarding the banks they are banking with. Also the customers like a pleasant and attractive dà ©cor within the banks so that they can feel relax while doing their important work with the banks. 3. It is evident from personal observation and also from the analysis of 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.4, 5.6.5 ,5.6.6 and 5.6.7 that: †¢ The manner, appearance, efficiency, professionalism and knowledge of the staffs of the bank also play an important role in driving customers to their respective banks. The reason is that if the staffs are not able to handle the queries or problems of the staffs then the customers are not tempted to do banking with a particular bank. This may be either with a nationalized or a privatized bank. 4. From personal observation and also from the analysis of 5.7, 5.8.1, 5.8.2, 5.8.3, 5.8.4, we can find that: †¢ Statements that the bank provides are very important for the customers to

The Process of Photosynthesis - 1016 Words

Photosynthesis is the process undergone by plants consisting of a series of chemical reactions that require four factors; water, carbon dioxide, radiant energy and temperature using chlorophyll molecules to trap radiant energy from the sun resulting in the making of glucose and oxygen as bi-products. The process of photosynthesis provides plants with the food and energy they need to grow. Plants that produce their own food are called autotrophic plants. Not only do these plants make food for themselves but they also serve as primary producers. Without photosynthesis the oxygen levels in the atmosphere would not be replenished. The process of photosynthesis is divided into two main parts. The first phase is the light dependent phase which†¦show more content†¦Meaning the perfect balance between light/ dark and day/ night is needed in plants to ensure healthy growth. Other factors affecting the process of photosynthesis in a plant need to be taken into consideration as well. The plant needs to have the right water available, the right temperature conditions and the right about of carbon dioxide present to ensure the correct results. To improve this experiment I would have used a potted plant to ensure my plant wouldn’t die during the movement of the stem into the water as air bubbles could be made and the plant would die. I would leave my plant for more than 48 hours to ensure the plant is properly de-starched. I would do the experiment on two or more leaves so I would be able to compare results at the end of my second starch test to ensure no human error occurred during the experiment. In conclusion the results have shown that sunlight is a necessity for the process of photosynthesis to occur in a plant, proving my hypothesis that light is a necessity for the process of photosynthesis to occur in a plant to be true. hold the structure of the cell in place insuring to keep all of the sacs at a distance from each other and maximising the efficienc y of the organelle. The purpose of the chloroplast is to make sugars and starches which is the food to the plant the animals that consume it. There are three types ofShow MoreRelatedThe Process of Photosynthesis and Practicals3109 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Introduction One of the most important bological processes on earth is photosynthesis. Plants that comprise the majority of the food we consume need photosynthesis in order to produce life sustaining energy. This energy is harnessed by the sun. If it were not for photosynthesis to capture and use this vital energy, life itself would be minimal or almost non-existent. Photosynthesis entails a process that involves complex and fundamental actions that occur in plants, algae as well as some bacteriaRead More Process of Photosynthesis Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesPhotosynthesis is the process by which organisms that contain the pigment chlorophyll convert light energy into chemical energy which can be stored in the molecular bonds of organic molecules. Photosynthesis powers almost all trophic chains and food webs on the Earth. The net process of photosynthesis is described by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 This equation simply means that carbon dioxide from the air and water combine in the presence of sunlightRead MorePhotosynthesis Is The Complex Process911 Words   |  4 PagesPhotosynthesis is the complex process of converting the sun’s light energy into chemical energy that is stored in plants as sugars or other organic compounds. Before beginning it is important to note that, photosynthesis feeds every living organism on this planet directly or indirectly, and without it on earth life would not be possible. Moreover, for the process to be able to work it is required that the following resources are accessible: water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. In order to understandRead MoreThe Process of Photosynthesis Essay2248 Words   |  9 PagesThe Process of Photosynthesis Missing Images Plants are one of the many wonders of the world. They are considered autotrophs; they do not rely on outside sources for their food. They create their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is when green plants and certain other organisms use light energy to change carbon dioxide and water into the glucose. In so doing, photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for almost all organisms. An extremely important byproduct ofRead MoreIntroduction. Photosynthesis Is A Vital Process For The1839 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Photosynthesis is a vital process for the survival of all life on Earth. The byproduct of photosynthesis, oxygen, profoundly contributes to the formation of the protective ozone layer (Johnson, 2016). In addition to that, photosynthesis controls 99% of the Earth’s ecosystem for every organism requires energy to fulfill their metabolism (â€Å"Overview of Photosynthesis†, 2013). Besides providing essential energy and oxygen for living organisms, photosynthesis also plays an important roleRead MoreThe Process Of Photosynthesis Is A Convoluted One1911 Words   |  8 PagesThe process of photosynthesis is a convoluted one; which relies on the carbon dioxide, water, and the sun’s light energy. The first stage of photosynthesis, is known as the light-dependent reaction. This occurs in the thylakoid membrane as the light photons are captured and excited electrons are bounced around inside the thylakoid compartment until it is captured in the photosystem. The electron s are then sent through an electron transfer chain to the next photosystem. In order to replace lost electronsRead MorePhotosynthesis Is A Multi Step Process Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesPhotosynthesis is a multi-step process that requires sunlight, carbon dioxide and water as substrates. After the process is complete, it releases oxygen and produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, simple carbohydrate molecules that can be converted into glucose, sucrose, or any other sugar molecules. These sugar molecules contain energy and the energized carbon that all living things need to survive (OpenStax College, 2013). The net equation of photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O --- C6H12O6 + 6O2 (StarrRead MoreThe Importance of Light During the Photosynthesis Process1713 Words   |  7 PagesPhotosynthesis is a chemical process by which green plants use the radiant energy to synthesize certain nutrients using water and carbon dioxide. This process to happen efficiently it requires the presence of light , water carbon dioxide, chlorophyll and enzymes. During the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide plus water in the presence of sunlight, enzymes and chlorophyll produce glucose and oxygen as waste product. The radiant energy is broken down the water into hydrogen atom and oxygen atomsRead MoreThe Influence of Light on Photosynthesis1500 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence of light on Photosynthesis Table of contents Front page and table of contents Page 1 Introduction Page 2 Review of literature Page 3 and 4 Methodology and presentation of findings Page 5 and 6 Procession of findings Page 7 Conclusion Page 8 Introduction In this project I believe the outcome will be that light energy is essential for photosynthesis to occur. The aim was to show that light is necessary for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process of convertingRead MoreSolar Cell Electricity Essay877 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to competently compare photosynthesis and semiconductor-based solar cells production of electricity i.e. solar cell electricity, they both must be defined. Photosynthesis is defined as, (Biology Online, 2010) â€Å"The synthesis of complex organic material using carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, and light energy (from sunlight) captured by light-absorbing pigments, such as chlorophyll and other accessory pigments.† According to Thomas gale, ( Thomas gale, 2006), solar cells create electrical

Performance Management Issue in Asco Car Hire cc

Table of Contents Introduction. 3 Performance Management System in Asco Car Hire. 4 Linkage between Performance Management and Strategic Management. 7 Performance Management Issues in Asco Car Hire. 7 Flaws in performance management design. 8 Lack of effective communication. 9 Recommendations for Resolving Issues. 9 Conclusion. 11 References. 12 Introduction Asco Car Hire cc is one of the major car rental service providers which has specialized in camping equipped 4x4 vehicles in Southern Africa. The company has more than 200 4X$ vehicles and some of those have camping facility. The company is located in Windhoek in the heart of Namibia. It offers new 4X4 vehicles which has the capability to adapt with the exciting as well as harsh roads of Africa. It ensures that all the vehicles are well maintained and serviced before offering those on rent. Asco Car Hire also provides a break down service for 24X7. The company makes arrangement for immediate professional support in this situation. It aims to improve the customer service through professional support always. Additionally, Asco Car Hire provides assistance regarding driving on the Namibian roads. It helps the tourists in anticipating the probable problems and advises them how to handle the vehicle on road. Asco Car Hire has 40 employees who belong to various cultures (Ascocarhire.com, 20 14). The workforce includes high skilled technicians and skilled management professionals. With the diverse workforce it aims to provide excellent service to the customers. Management at Asco Car Hire is extensively focusing on the improving the customer service by capitalizing its human resource in an effective manner. Performance management is a major aspect of the company which focuses on ensuring that organizational goals are met (Aguinis, 2009). This paper emphasizes on analyzing the current performance management system in Asco Car Hire. It will indentify the link between performance management and strategic planning in the company. Therefore, two major performance management issues will be recognized which needs to be improved. At the end of this paper, recommendation will be provided in order to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. Performance Management System in Asco Car Hire Performance management aims to define the standard of desired level of performance of an employee, evaluate the employee performance and provide feedback of the employee performance (Cadwell, 2000). In the rapidly changing business environment, organizational performance needs to be improved continuously through an efficient performance management system. Performance management in Asco Car Hire is considered to be one of the challenging tasks of the Human Resource Development. This section has focused on providing an overview of the existing performance management system at Asco Car Hire. The major objectives of the human resource for setting up an effective performance management system at Asco Car Hire are: Clearly defining the job roles and responsibilities of individual. Comprehending the performance measures for each job role. Developing an efficient and fair performance evaluation system. Designing recognition and reward programs for employees. Offering development opportunities to the employees. Improving the overall organizational performance (Harbour, 2009). The performance management system in Asco Car Hire has been designed by the senior human resource professional in order to ensure organizational performance objectives are met. The major aspects of the performance management system at Asco Car Hire are discussed in this section. Phase 1: Setting Goals The first phase of the performance management system at Asco Car Hire is to set goals of the system. In this company, the major performance management goal is to enhance customer satisfaction through improved performance of the employees. It is important to align with the strategic goal of the organization in order to develop a performance oriented culture. Therefore, the factors need to be achieved which are essential for achieving the ultimate goal of improving organizational performance. Phase 2: Development of Performance Management Plan This is one of the most crucial phases of performance management system at Asco Car Hire. In this phase, the job description of the employees must be defined so that the employee gets clear idea about the responsibilities. The job description of an individual is lined with the organizational plan. The major performance objectives of that year is identified and defined in the planning phase. This will be the performance measure for evaluating the performance of the employees. One of the most difficult tasks is set objectives and measurement for evaluating the performance. Indictor of success will help in understanding whether the employee has outperformed or underperformed in that particular year. The objectives clearly represent the entire range of duties that need to be performed by the employees. Additionally, in the planning phase, the career development opportunities are identified and defined which will be a motivating factor for the employees as it is an important aspect of lon g term career planning (Venkateswara Rao, 2004). Phase 3: Monitoring the Performance Management System In order to develop an effective performance management system, Asco Car Hire is emphasizing on monitoring of the system. It focuses on supervising the daily performance of the employees along with their progress. The monitoring task is responsible for observing the result of the effort put together by the workforce. It will also analyze the behavior of individuals and the dynamic of the team which will affect the work environment. The human resource management assesses the regular progress to check whether it will be able to meet the performance objectives. If it is found that the progress is not at par with the desired level, barriers which are preventing the employees from achieving the performance objectives are identified. Feedback is shared with the employees regarding the progress. Changes in the working practice or conducting training program can be considered in this phase for meeting the performance objectives set in the initial phase of the performance management system (F erreira and Otley, 2009). Phase 4: Reviewing Performance Management In the fourth phase of the performance management cycle, the performance of individual is assessed for the specific period. In this phase, the employees will receive a report regarding their accomplishment against their performance objectives. The management of Asco Car Hire conducts a performance appraisal meeting. Issues are discussed with the employees. Additionally, training needs are identified and training and development plan is designed. Reward and recognition program at Asco Car Hire assist in recognizing the outperformers of the company. The performance management system is reviewed by assessing whether the performance objective has been achieved or not. The major barriers which leaded to create a gap between the organizational performance and performance objectives are indentified and measures are taken to rectify it. As the performance management system is a cyclical process, it continues with the aim to improve the overall organizational process at Asco Car Hire. Linkage between Performance Management and Strategic Management The performance management system and strategic management at Asco Car Hire has strong linkage. The performance management system is developed on the basis of the strategic orientation of an organization. Asco car Hire has employed diverse workforce in order to optimize the benefits of the people with specialized knowledge form different cultural background. Strategic management emphasizes on formulating, implementing as well as valuating activities for achieving the organizational objectives. Asco Car Hire has the strategy of ensuring the leading position in car rental service in Southern Africa through improved and differentiated service. Asco Car Hire thrives to provide best car rental service in the region through deploying its experience and high skilled professionals. Human resource is considered to be one of the most important assets for fulfilling the organizational goal. Improved organizational performance is driven by an effective performance management system. In Asco Car Hire, performance management system is a part of the strategic human resource management. In the performance management system goals are set along with the specific performance objectives. The performance objectives are developed on the basis of the strategic orientation of the company. The performance measures are aligned with the strategic vision of the organization. The performance management system at Asco Car Hire ensures that the work plan design for the employees support the strategic plan of the company. Hence, it can be concluded that the performance management system is significantly linked with the strategic planning of the organization. Performance Management Issues in Asco Car Hire Analyzing the performance management system of Asco Car Hire, it has been observed that there are some limitations of the system. The performance management system at Asco Car Hire focused on improving the overall performance of the diverse workgroup in order to provide better service to its customers. In this section, major performance management issues in Asco Car Hire are indentified and discussed: Flaws in performance management design One of the major limitations of the performance management system at Asco Car Hire is flaw in the design of performance management system. In this system, performance objectives are indentified which act as the evaluation criteria for the employees. The company has not been able to establish a strong connection between the objectives of individuals with the organizational goals and objectives. The employees are not able to understand the importance of their job roles and responsibilities in context of the organizational goals (Panda, 2011). It is one of the biggest limitations of the performance management system at Asco Car Hire. The performance objective and work plan of Asco Car Hire have only emphasized on the inputs of the employees. But, it has not clearly defined the output or results of those behaviors of the employees. Moreover, the performance objectives of Asco Car Hire are vague and not efficient for ensuring that the overall organizational performance will be improved. T he performance objectives are not specific and difficult to measure (Halachmi, 2011). Sometimes it has been observed that the objectives are difficult to attain as the goals are not realistic. The performance indicators are not defined clearly in the performance management system of Asco Car Hire. Most of the time, opinion of the supervisor is considered for evaluating performance of the company. Hence, there is a chance of human error in measuring the performance of the employees due to human bias (Kwok and Tam, 2011). These are the major flaws of the performance management design at Asco Car Hire. Lack of effective communication Effective communication is an essential aspect of successful performance management system. It has been observed that there is a communication gap between the management and the workforce at Asco Car Hire. The company has a diverse workforce and effective communication skill is required for capitalizing the benefits of diverse workgroup. As the employees belong to different cultural backgrounds, there is a lack of integration. Moreover, it has been indentified that most of the employees have no clear idea regarding their specific job responsibilities and impact of their activities in achieving organizational performance. Additionally, it has been observed that the employees do not give importance to the performance objectives as those are not clarified to them. The major reason behind the ineffective of the performance management system at Asco Car Hire is lack of effective communication. Management of the company has not been able to comprehend the job roles are responsibilities of individuals. Additionally, the performance objectives and performance measures are not communicated clearly to the employees. Due to lack of integrity among the work force, the communication system of the organization is not strong. Hence, the employees have not been able to clarify their doubts regarding performance objectives and performance indicators (Sharif, 2002). Recommendations for Resolving Issues Two major performance management issues in Asco Car Hire have been identified in the above section. Few recommendations can be made for resolving the identified issues in order to improve the overall performance of the company. The following recommendations can be considered for minimizing the limitations of the existing performance management system at Asco Car Hire. The job description of the employees must be reviewed in order to check whether it is appropriate for achieving the organizational goal. Changes must be made in terms of job responsibility and job design according to the objectives of the organization. This will helps in achieving the desired level of the performance. The job description of an individual must be linked with the strategic plan and organizational goal. Therefore, it must be clearly defined so that the employees understand their job responsibilities in context of the organizational goal. The alignment with the organizational strategy will be effective for achieving the goals of Asco Car Hire. The job description and the link with the strategic goal must be defined clearly and communicated to the employees. It is essential to clarify these things in order to enhance the overall performance of the organization. The performance objectives must be appropriate and defined in clear language. For Asco Car Hire, it is important to develop SMART performance objectives. It means the performance objectives must be Specific and clearly state what needs to be done by whom and how it can be achieved. The performance objective must be Measurable so that it can be understood in terms of cost, quantity or quality etc. While developing the performance objectives; it must be ensured that the goals are Attainable by the workforce. The performance objective must be Realistic as well as Time-Bound so that it can be reviewed after certain time period (Kagaari, Munene and Ntayi, 2010). Key performance indicators must be defined clearly in order to evaluate the performance of the individuals. Appropriate and scientific rating skills and performance measurement tools must be developed in order to effectively evaluate employee performance (Johnson, 2006). Biasness of the supervisor may affect the appropriate evaluation of the employee performance. Managers must be aware of the probable biasness of the supervisors in the evaluation system. Therefore, in the assessment process, they must focus on eliminating this factor. Training needs of the employees must be identified clearly with the aid of performance management process. Thus, the overall performance of Asco Car Hire can be improved. Conclusion This paper has focused on studying the performance management system of Asco Car Hire. The existing performance management system of the company has been discussed and analyzed. It has been found that the major objective of the performance management system of the organization is to improve the quality of service through enhancing the performance of the employees. In this paper, two major limitations of the performance management system of Asco Car hire have been identified. It has been observed that there are some flaws in the design of the performance management system. It has not been able to identify the performance objectives clearly. Performance indicators are not formed which will help in evaluation of the employee performance. Additionally, lack of effective communication has found to be a major problem for the company. The employees are not communicated regarding the performance objectives and indicators. This paper has provided some solutions in order to overcome these majo r issues. Recommendations are provided which will assist in achieving the organizational goal. References Aguinis, H. (2009).Performance management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ascocarhire.com, (2014).Car hire and 4x4 rental Namibia. Cadwell, C. (2000).Performance management. New York: American Management Association. Halachmi, A. (2011). Imagined promises versus real challenges to public performance management.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60(1), pp.24-40. Ferreira, A., and Otley, D. (2009). The design and use of performance management systems: An extended framework for analysis.Management Accounting Research,20(4), 263-282. Harbour, J. (2009). Integrated performance management: A conceptual, system-based model.Perf. Improv., 48(7), pp.10-14. Johnson, R. (2006).Effective performance management. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford. Kagaari, J., Munene, J. and Ntayi, J. (2010). Performance management practices, employee attitudes and managed performance.International Journal of Educational Management, 24(6), pp.507-530. Kwok, S. and Tam, D. (2011). Challenges of Appraising Intangible Outcomes with Unclear Objectives: Performance Management Issues in Local Government in Ontario.Public Organization Review, 11(3), pp.297 - 306. Panda, S. (2011). Performance Management System: Issues and Challenges.Management and Labour Studies, 36(3), pp.271-280. Sharif, A. (2002). Benchmarking performance management systems.Benchmarking: An International Journal, 9(1), pp.62-85. Venkateswara Rao, T. (2004).Performance management and appraisal systems. New Delhi: Response Books, a division of Sage Publications.

Morphological Changes

Question: Discuss about the Morphological Changes. Answer: Introduction: Morphology studies the inner structure of words. Morphology is derived from syntax and phonology. Morphology as a language includes various components such as Lexicon: the inventory of stems each has its association with the shapes, meaning of phonological as well as the properties of syntactic. Derivational: the aspects of sound, meaning of stems and their connection with the properties of new lexemes; and Inflectional: are the principles which specify the characteristic of the word. Morphological changes are nothing else but the impact of historical changes on the lexemes of the language. The various changes that have happened in the past are of addition, subtracting and content of lexemes. Summary The main aim of the article by Anderson was presenting an approach, which can be helpful and beneficial in knowing the various phases of the morphological changes. The language which existed in ancient times has changed a lot and there are number of factors which existed behind these changes. An I-language change is due to the exceptionality of changes in inflection morphology. The content of lexemes is exceptional with the promptness of the language, and they are correlated with the subject in a less general substitute principle (Anderson, 2014). For example- In English the plurals are formed from the nouns with the help of suffix [z], but there are certain exceptions. The words which end with [f, s] or [] use [v, z, ] when they are converted into the plural (such as the plural of wife is wives, house changes to houses, etc). This kind of exceptional behavior has been acquired historically. In the modern dialects the regular verbs consisting of dive, sneak form their past tense unev enly (dove, snuck), moreover sometimes even the prototype of verbs change such as (the past tense of drive is drove, and lead is converted into led). The E-languages is the study of surface patterns which provides essential evidence like language, although they are not the esplanade of the theory of grammars. Rather, the arrangement of I-language objects a (grammar) that is facilitated and accounted. The surface forms are the basis of constructing the grammar by subsequent generation; the output is a diverse grammar. The dissimilarity is not evident immediately because a good number of the surface forms might be fundamentally the same, the disparity is revealed in the grammar when the whole range of uses of novels is put. These events are described as abductive change according to Andersen and they take in the core category of morphological change (Anderson, 2014). The difference seems to be part of one another, but they can be distinguished in certain aspects. I-language does not involve the idiosyncratic mechanism of modification exhibiting the properties of its own: to a certain extent; they entail the expansion of aggravated morphological regularities to innovative cases. According to Anderson it occurs when (a) there is regularity in the syntax of the previous age group becomes inaccessible as a result of other transformations, and the structure is brought in various other models (b) the exceptional management of an asymmetrical precedent or plural pattern is not attained by a succeeding generation. Due to this the structure of question is treated as a subject in the general processes. Similarly, E-language or Grammaticalization on another hand is not self-sufficient force in the change of language rather; it is incoherent in the linguistic change. There is no separate theory of grammatizalisation. As per Anderson there is requirement of (a) specific types of theories for the alteration (semantic, formal, phonological) so as to comprise the components and (b) an explanation why the individual changes proceed in single way than any new pattern (Anderson, 2014). The consistency of character changes is hidden under long-term diachronic connection which is lying under the wrap of grammatizalisation. The phonology of various languages such as Klallam and Saanich is opaque, and none of this language has preserved their rules related to Lummi stress transfer or glottal discontinue removal. The pairs of Saanich cannot be derived by a segmental infix in the phonology, but they involve metathesis which has triggered directly by the morphological category. The example of metathesis of Montlers Saanich /Éâ„ ¢Ãƒâ€œÃ¢â€ž ¢ÃƒÅ' /, and there are chances that we expect the Lummi condition in which the phonological regulations are particular to the forms enclosing that vowel signify the source of the incident - even though they are not created by the phonology any longer, which has turned into opaque as well as morphologised. The Klallam circumstances affects many additional stems by means of non-schwa vowels, moreover they reflect a generalization of the metathesis method of making the actual to a more wider group of verbs. The ambiguity of analysis reveals the sources of morphology in syntax. One of the sources of morphology is that it is derived from phonology. Anderson views that Phonological Alternations have become part of the morphology. The alternations are preserved, and the factor behind conditioning are re-read to the point that the original terms of a phonological alternation are aligned with a variation in morphological composition. Thus there is need of reanalysis because of the conditioning of the morphological factors instead of original phonological distinction (Anderson, 2014). Ambiguity is quite essential as it helps in keeping the phonology natural as well as phonological, which keeps the syntax simple as well as transparent. The term reanalysis is used again and again wherever the reasons behind the change are not clear such as sporadic cases (blending, contamination), Re-cutting, etc. There is ambiguity which leads to changes. An example of reanalysis is the Latin phrases for e.g. c lara mente which means clear mind yields the extremely productive group of adverbs finishing with -ment(e) in the present Romance speech (Spanish claramente and French clairement, etc.). Languages such as Spanish and French preserve their sketch of origin. The feminine form of the adverbs appear in the adjectives from which they are derived such as The French word franchement which means frankly is derived from franc/franche meaning frank. To dig out the real reasons behind all these morphological changes reanalysis should be conducted which can either resolve the existing complications or enhance them by manifold. The analogy is not driven by any mechanism rather the changes occur regarding basic notions. Anderson is of the viewpoint that Analogical change is irregular and restores regularity. The original phonological regularity is replaced by a morphological one. The alternation can be the merely marker of the group, rather than any assisted property linked with an explicit affix (Anderson, 2014). For e.g. In German language Grund/Grnde show Umlaut in plural in connection with an evident suffix ([Éâ„ ¢Ãƒâ€œÃ¢â€ž ¢]), the Umlaut fluctuation itself is the indicator of plurality in various other forms, for e.g. Vater/Vter father(s). Further, the borrowing of some items instantiates a regularity which results in the amalgamation of that regularity is hooked in the grammar. Lastly, the detection of the phonological changes is probable if the promptness concerned is adequately unnatural then the conditioning of the choice of alternant can be seen. For example: In telescoping the plausible system connecting A to B, as well as B to C, are substituted by a sole relation among A and C or we can say rule inversion in which a plausible alternate of A by B in some circumstances is changed by a promptness in which B is replaced by A in the balance of those situations, to the amount those morphological issues which are accessible as an substitute way of seeing the conditioning of work. Simplification is used both in the vowel sequence as well as in grammar (Anderson, 2014). In the vowel sequence, it leads to a structure like [koyo-li]. The plural in this case is noticeable after the removal of the postscript of the preceding syllable of the stem. Simplification in grammar is because of the lack of proof; a difficulty isnt included in the new grammar. Andersons vi ews about regularity and simplification are not compatible with the I-language because the individuals are more concerned about how the changes are used these days rather than why the changes took place. The terms synchrony and diachronic are explained separately, but the relationship between the two seems missing. The morphological substance has found its origin in different parts separate of the syntactic structure whereas the diachronic gives an explanation why the individual changes proceed in one way rather than the other. Criticism/ Conclusion The morphological changes have been explained keeping in mind the inflectional as well as the derivational aspects but the theory has no place for the concept of an ideal structural type. The actual inflectional structure is equivalent to it, but the explanation is found outside the word structure theory, in various areas for e.g. the diachronic change patterns leads to practical synchronic systems. References Anderson, Stephen R. 2014. Morphological change. In Bowern Evans (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, pp. 264285.

Abuse of elderly - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Abuse of elderly - Smart Custom Writing French architectureReliable history of French architecture begins with the Middle Ages, from the XI century, as reliable information about the earlier Celtic and Frankish cultures did not survive. In France, mainly in the south, in Provence and Dauphine, the remains of temples of the Gallo-Roman period are saved. Among numerous places of worship and fantastic beauty are two buildings – Chartres Cathedral and Pantheon. From the point of view of Art History these masterpieces attract universal attention. For this paper just these very buildings were chosen because of great popularity, unique history, out of the ordinary design etc. All these factors make the work given unusual, interesting for readers and informative for those who studies Art History. As France is home to the Gothic style, it is considered that foundation is the church architecture, French Gothic reaches its peak in the era of "rayonnat" style, vivid example of which is the cathedral of Chartres; Pantheon, in tu rn, is one of the most magnificent buildings in Paris of neoclassical style. This significant difference, which is expressed in design, materials, technology, lay-out, decoration and function was the reason for writing such paper. It also can be considered as a comparative characteristic among the reasons of showing the interest to this topic. Chartres Cathedral shows the highest achievements of Gothic architecture. The three-building plan is a Latin cross with a short three-nave and transept deambulatory. The eastern part of the temple has several semi-circular radial chapels. Three of them were markedly in favor of the boundary of semicircle deambulatory, the four other are less deep. At the time of construction the vaults of Chartres Cathedral were the highest in France, which was achieved through the use of based on the abutment of flying buttresses. Additional flying buttresses supporting the apse, appeared in the XIV century. Chartres Cathedral was the first in the construction of which was used this architectural element, which gives it a completely unprecedented external shape, increased the size of windows and the height of the nave (36 feet).[1] Feature of the appearance of the cathedral are its two very different towers. 105-meter spire of the south tower built in 1140 is in the form of unpretentious Romanesque pyramid. North tower of 113 feet has a base, the remainder of the Romanesque cathedral and the spire of the tower appeared at the beginning of the XVI century in the style of Flamboyant Gothic. Chartres Cathedral has nine portals, three of which have survived from the old Romanesque cathedral. Northern portal dates from the year 1230 and contains a sculpture of the Old Testament characters. South Portal, created between 1224 and 1250 years, using stories of the New Testament to the central composition, dedicated to Judgment. Western portal of Christ and the Virgin Mary, popularly known as the Royal, is dated 1150 and is known for depicting Christ in glory, established in the XII century. Entrances to the north and south transepts are decorated with sculptures of the XIII century. Total decorations of the cathedral ha ve about 10,000 sculptures of stone and glass. On the south side of the cathedral are astronomical clock of the XVI century. Before the failure of the mechanism in 1793, they showed not only time but also the day of the week, month, time of sunrise and sunset, moon phases and the current zodiac sign.[2] The shape of Pantheon is also the cross (pic. 2). It is located on top of the hill of Saint Genevieve. Pantheon is a temple with a large dome, built in honor of the patroness of Paris, St. Genevieve. It was built in 1758-1789 under the project of Soufflet in the heart of the Latin Quarter. During the French Revolution, it was decided to use it as a shrine to the outstanding French. It is a huge structure: its length of 110 meters, width 82 m, height 83 m. crosswise building is topped by a huge dome. Huge powerful facade, on the pediment is the famous inscription â€Å"AUX GRANDS HOMMES LA PATRIE RECONNAISSANTE† ("Grateful motherland to great people"). Soufflet decided to recreate the typical Gothic architecture sensations of light, space and proportion in the classic (if not Roman) forms. To this end, he took advantage of the plan in the form of a Greek cross, the nave and chapels which were designed as a system of flat arches and semicircular arches, supported by rows of colu mns in the interior. Bulk composition of the building develops the idea of central-domical facilities, of having in terms the outlines of a Greek cross. Central dome rises to a height of almost 120 m. Its goal in this project was the combination of strict regularity and monumental Romanesque vaulted ceilings with graceful ease of supporting columns and freestanding Corinthian columns. In its plan the church had the form of a Greek cross, with a facade placed huge temple pediment. Free-standing columns were unable to maintain the dome of the building, and it eventually had been propped up. The outer surfaces of the walls almost without decoration solved using the classical contrast of dismembered and undifferentiated mass.[3]   As it can be seen, both the Pantheon and Chartres Cathedral have the shape of cross in their planning and Gothic style of building in the base. No less remarkable is the interior of the Chartres cathedral. The spacious nave, unmatched in all of France, rushes to the magnificent apse in the eastern part of the cathedral. Between the arcades and rows of the upper windows of the nave is trifory, massive columns of the cathedral are surrounded by four powerful pilasters. Arcade of deambulatory surrounds the choir and altar area, which are separated from the rest of the carved wall. The wall appeared at the beginning of the XVI century and during next two centuries was gradually decorated with carved figures depicting scenes from the life of Christ and the Virgin. (pic. 3) The central part of the facade has retained a heavy Romanesque wall, which is embedded in the three magnificent portals, belonging to the XII century. In the central portal of the Royal track is "Christ in Glory" - on both sides of the figure of Christ are fantastic winged animals and beneath them is a wide belt with sculpted figures of saints. In the central p ortal of the south facade you can see the relief of "Judgment Day" (about 1210-20), differing with forms of generosity and deep spirituality of the images. It is considered as one of the best reliefs the heyday of the Gothic (pic. 4). In the center of the cathedral floor is designed as a circle inscribed in the "labyrinth" - figured laying of multicolored stones, which has been preserved only partially. The circle has a diameter of 12.89 meters and the length of the labyrinth is 261.5 m. The size of the labyrinth is almost identical to the size of the window rose of the western facade, and the distance from the western entrance to the maze is exactly equal to the height of the window. (pic. 5,6) Chartres Cathedral is one of the few Gothic cathedrals of France, who kept almost unchanged its glazing. It is decorated with stained glass of 12-13 centuries, occupying an area of about 2600 sq.m., it is the largest extant ensembles of stained glass of that era. In the cathedral there are 146 stained glass windows, which, except for some figures are shown in 1359 different story. (pic. 7) Stained glass windows decorate with "roses" of the main transept. Stained glass windows of Chartres Cathedral are extremely intensity a nd purity of color and range of subject images. Along with scenes from the Old and New Testaments, the prophets and saints - they take advantage of the upper band – at the bottom is about a hundred scenes from the life of kings, knights, artisans, who sacrificed stained glass windows in the cathedral, and one of the "roses" is dedicated to the peasants. Particular performance skill, memorable power of the image are windows depicting the Virgin Mary, stained window with scenes from the life of St. Evstafy and a portrait of Charlemagne. The richest external and internal decorations of the cathedral have a total of about 10,000 sculptures. The cathedral has a huge carved wooden altar, which shows forty stories on evangelical issues. A distinctive feature of the stained glass windows of Chartres Cathedral is an extraordinary richness and purity of the colors, the secret receipt of which was lost. For images typical extraordinary breadth of subject matter: scenes from the Old and New Testament stories of prophets, kings, knights, artisans, and even peasants. [4] Chartres Cathedral is built of very durable sandstone, which is mined in quarries of Bersher, 8 km from Chartres. Some blocks of stone in the cathedral walls are 2-3 feet long and a meter in height. Columns of the Pantheon create a prospect of a spectacular interior, richly decorated and refined with classical ornamentation and relief. The building is perceived as a monument to enlightenment, a bright mind, citizenship. Soufflet really managed to reach the Gothic lightness in classic guise. Numerous sculptures and murals on the walls are devoted to the history of St. Genevieve - the memory of a time when the building was of her name. To the central dome a huge Foucault pendulum showing the rotation of the Earth is suspended. Staircase at the entrance to the temple leads to the "pronaos" (porch) with 22 columns, which support the pediment. On the pediment is sculpture of the allegorical story of David d'Anzhera 1831, representing France, between Freedom and History. The walls are decorated with frescoes, the most famous of which are scenes from the life of St. Genevieve, executed by Puvis de Chavannes. The crypt, which is located under the church, keeps the ashes of many famous p eople: here the tomb of Victor Hugo (placed here in 1885), as well as the tombs of Emile Zola, Voltaire, Soufflet, Carnot and Mirabeau. 425 steps lead to the summit of cathedral, where magnificent panorama of the city is opened to the eye. At the exit from the Parthenon the semi-circular area with two symmetrical buildings on the right and left overlooks, and stretching far out Soufflet street between them with rising above the Eiffel Tower in the distance. Such a triumph of symmetry arose here at the behest of Soufflet, which was concerned not only about building the church, but also the spectacular organization of space around it. [5] To understand the function and value of construction of these buildings we need to turn to history. At the place of modern Chartres Cathedral were a lot of the churches. From 876 year the Holy Shroud of the Virgin Mary is kept in Chartres. Instead of the first cathedral, burned down in 1020, a Romanesque cathedral with huge crypt was built. He survived a fire in 1134, which destroyed almost the entire city, but was badly damaged in a fire of June 10, 1194. From the fire, made by lightning, survived only towers with the western facade and crypt. Miraculous escape from the fire of the sacred shroud was considered a sign from above, and prompted the construction of a new, more ambitious building. Chartres Cathedral preserved to this day virtually untouched. It escaped the devastation and plunder, was never restored and rebuilt. As to the Pantheon, it is of no less value. The Pantheon was built in 1758-1789 under the project Soufflet in the heart of the Latin Quarter. The building is conceived as the Church of St. Genevieve, but already in 1791 it was decided to turn the building into the Pantheon, a monument to the great men of France. In two-plus centuries this building became a classic, which was followed and subverted by next generation of architects. For the Baroque, with its pomp, pretentiousness and decorative fancifulness, the return to the strict simplicity of ancient Greece was almost a shock. Therefore, the project angered conservatives and delighted progressives. Soufflet decided to join in its creation the best achievements of world architecture, accumulated by that time. He created a magnificent six-Greek portico, crowned with a dome building, which the ancient Greeks did not know, made the interior a light and bright, as in the Gothic style but used vaulted ceilings of Romanesque. 5    Coming to conclusion we can say that both buildings are of great historical value and have a lot in common: both are cathedrals (in first planning), the lay-out is cross-formed shape with decorations and elements of corresponding era, decorations and frescos depict the scenes from the life. Architectural images are less unique, embody not private, transitory "spirit of the times", but more typically, the leading art sights and tastes of society. These qualities determine the value of outstanding architectural monuments as a historical source: they bring to us in its content not random, but typical, not private, but the main feature views of the era.

A Critical Assessment of the Agricultural Subsidies of the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU)

A Critical Assessment of the Agricultural Subsidies of the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) Introduction Subsidies are deployed as a means of boosting production, by giving financial grants from one party to another in order to increase production beyond the market equilibrium. From an economist’s perspective, funding has been adopted in different contexts to give varying implications and significance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Assessment of the Agricultural Subsidies of the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines subsidies as â€Å"measures that keep prices for consumers below market levels, or measures that keep prices for producers above market levels† (OECD 2006, p.3). Many economists argue that the term subsidy can be applied to mean all forms of payments made directly by a government to various producers. In light of these explanations, this paper considers subsides as including direct means of regulating the equilibrium between consumption and supply of products and services in the market, among them being cash grants coupled with provisions of interest-free loans from the government. Low-interests loans, tax wavering write-offs of depreciation charged on assets, rent rebates and insurance are also considered among the alternative forms of subsidy. The main purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between the US and the EU agricultural subsidies. The basis for this research is founded in existing literature that relate to economic theories on taxes and subsidies. In addition, to expand on the discussion involving the similarities and differences in agriculture subsidies within the US and EU, as well as their implications on economy, a literature review of economics of subsidies and taxes will be considered first.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Le t's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The paper further presents the differences between the US and the EU agricultural policies, concerning the legislation on agricultural subsidies and the critical reception towards these policies. This section is followed by a discussion on the similarities between the US and the EU’s agricultural policies in the context of benefits to farmers and influences on income. Lastly, the effects of agricultural subsidies on famers, from the dimension of family budgets and taxes are given substantial attention. Economic Theory on Subsidies and Taxes To understand the economic theory on subsidies and taxes, one needs to be aware of the function of subsidy and tax accords within the area of global trade pact. One will get to understand why the government upholds such accords as well as identifying the most preferred way of handling the subsidies within the global trading schemes. Therefore, studies pertaining to the economic impact of subsidies have provoked mixed reactions from economists. For instance, Krishna and Panagariya (2009) argue that, â€Å"subsidies are a form of protectionism or trade barrier by making domestic goods and services artificially competitive against imports† (OECD, 2006, p.236). Such protectionism impairs the ability of consumers to consider and select imported goods and services, in their pursuit of alternative goods that are produced outside a nation’s boundaries through unethical or illegal channels (Anderson 2005, p.165). In the economic sense, subsidies are unethical because they distort the market and impose higher economic costs. In addition to this case, there are different types of subsides that have been outlined. Amegashie identifies employment subsidies, production subsidies and export subsidies as three that are granted by governmental or non-governmental organisations (Amegashie 2006, p.8). Export subsidies take the form of financial support that is offered by a government to exported products and services, in an effort to improve a nation’s balance of payments (Amegashie 2006, p.8). From an agricultural product context, exporting subsidies is significant in nations whose GDP is mainly derived this particular source. However, the impact of export subsidies varies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Assessment of the Agricultural Subsidies of the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the Court of Auditors (2003) argues that, as evidenced by the case of the EU, export subsidies may result inartificially low prices of subsidised products. Furthermore, fluctuations in milk production costs may also occur, as shown in the graph below. Fig 1: Milk products production cost fluctuations in the EU in comparison to other parts of the world Source: Weers and Hemme (2012, p.13) Production subsidies have a key role to play when it comes to product yields. Production subsidies â€Å"encourage suppliers to increase the output of particular products by partially offsetting the production costs or losses† (Krishna Panagariya, 2009, p.237). Thus, the chief aim is to create a means of expansion for the production of certain products at much lower prices than the market forces would make possible (Mankiw, 1997). In doing so, governments also offer their support to consumers of the produced products. In an agricultural context, production subsides may also be provided by offering technical support and financial assistance to help create new agricultural firms and processing plants, possibly on a regional basis. Moreover, employment subsides and incentives, such as social security benefits, are sometimes offered by governments to boost employment levels in certain regions and for certain industries (Szymanski Valletti, 2005). They may also con duct research into new areas of development that would lead to more absorption of unemployed persons.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although subsidies may be seen as a plausible way of regulating and controlling the markets, they attract controversies over their overall impacts on the performance of a nation’s economy. Subsidies influence competitive equilibrium, and from the fundamental principles of supply/demand relationships, particularly in cases where the demand for a given product goes beyond the supply, prices normally fall. Consequently, reduction of goods supplied to levels below the equilibrium quantity results in price hikes (Covey et al., 2007, P.41). Supposing that the bazaar for any product operates flawlessly â€Å"at the competitive equilibrium, the overall effect of subsidies is to increase the supply of goods and services to levels above the equilibrium quantity† (Kym Will 2011, P.1303). This move leads to an increase of costs beyond corresponding gains of the subsidy. That is, the amount of increase is proportionate to the size of the injected subsidy and hence a â€Å"market failure or inefficiency† (Jerome et al. 2006, p.16). For this reason, some economists claim that subsidies are undesirable in a competitive market. This claim is particularly significant in cases where foreign competition is desired. In support of this assertion, Westcott and Young (2004) argue that, instead of lowering the prices of goods and services, subsides make goods produced within a nation, cheaper in comparison to those produced in the foreign nations; hence incredibly reducing foreign competition. In the context of agricultural goods, giving subsidies(especially in the developing nations) implies that such nations are barred from engaging in the international trade in a more competitive manner, since they receive substantially lower prices on products traded on the global market. In economic theory, offering subsidies in the form of tax wavering is considered as an attempt of protectionism (Wyatt Ashok, 2010, p.1927). In such scenarios, market distortion occurs, acc ompanied by social welfare reductions. On the grounds of economic logic, World Bank policies advocate the total removal of subsidies offered by the developing nations, even though it has no mandate to enforce this removal (Westcott Young, 2004, p.11). The impact includes a reduction in revenue generated by producers operating in foreign nations, which can cause tension between the European Union and the United States, and the nations in the developing world that are known to be offering economic stimuli in the form of subsidies. The developing nations protect their local industries against the influx of foreign products. Such foreign products cost less in the developing nations’ markets due to the economies of scale in the production processes and techniques for production used in the developed world’s industries. In summary, subsidies can provide a short-term solution to an industry. However, on a long-term basis, they end up being unethical, often evolving into nega tive effects (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007, p. 26) Comparison of the US and the EU Agricultural Policies The subject of subsidies and tax reduction for agricultural products is approached from different directions, yet in similar ways for both the EU and the US. Subsidising the agricultural sector is done with the ultimate objective of boosting aggregate demand or investment in the agricultural sector (Becker 2002). In accordance to the theory of economics of subsidies, such an attempt causes the cost of production for agricultural products to be lowered for both the US and the EU. Consequently, making products become cheaper than importing them. In both the US and the EU, it is appreciated that the removal of subsidies has the impact of dampening economic activities in the agricultural sector. This blow is dependent to certain issues associated with the agricultural sector budget balance. Appreciating the role of subsidies and taxes in shaping the agr icultural sector in the US and the EU warrants consideration of the differences and similarities between their different approaches to agricultural subsidies. Differences between the US and the EU agricultural Policies Legislation on Agricultural Subsidies The US and the EU have put policies in place that encourage their farmers to produce certain agricultural products at much lower costs, in comparison to the global costs of such products (Alston 2008). Although there have been less legislative efforts to encourage the production of various products in the EU, the governing bodies have implemented policies that ensure farmers receive subsidies for producing certain commodities such as dairy products (Alston 2008). In similar fashion, the US has created a process to facilitate subsidy offers for farmers that produce various products, mainly cotton, through legislation such as the 2010 Farm Bill (Babcock 2007. Subsidising US cotton results in low global market prices of the crop, whe rein levels of making cotton produced elsewhere is unsustainable in the market. Hence, many nations are opposed to the legislation provided in the Farm Bill 2002. For instance, Brazil challenged the US subsidies for cotton farmers at the World Trade Organisation (WTO), stating that this distorted the cotton market at an international level. They further argued that it encouraged an increase in income to large-scale farmers at the advantage of the small-scale and poor farmers in the developing world. This case lasted from 2002 to 2008, when it was concluded with Brazil being the victor. In support of this argument, Riedl (2008, p.316) believes that policies encouraging subsidising of the agricultural products in both the EU and the US products have an opposite impact. However, despite the opposition to the continued indirect funding of the EU and the US farmers through subsidies, Summer (2013) proposes that it is imperative to stop offering direct incentives for production, because s uch a strategy for boosting production makes farmers in the US and the EU compete unfairly with others across the globe. Critical Reception of Agricultural Policies From the above arguments, subsidies on agricultural products, especially by major global giant producers like the EU and the US, are not received in good faith within the international arena. In relation to this, LaBorde (2013) postulates, â€Å"a series of weather-related shocks in 2012- including severe droughts in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and the United States- contributed to global food prices remaining high for a fifth consecutive year† (LaBorde 2013, Para.5). Although the EU and the US do provide subsidies to different agricultural products, they have refused to heed to these calls. Rather, they have opted to increase subsidies on agricultural sectors domestically. Such strategies have long-term implications on the worldwide food systems, coupled with impairing food securities in the developing nations (Babcock, 2007: Alston, 2008). Similarities between the US and the EU Agricultural Policies Benefits to Farmers According to Westcott and Young (2004), one of the major similarities between subsidies of the agricultural sectors in both the US and the EU is that subsidising has resulted in lowering the costs of production. In fact, â€Å"in 2005, the US government gave farmers agricultural subsidies amounting to$14 billion and in the European Union, dairy farmers received subsidies amounting to $47 billion† (Westcott Young 2004). This equates to more than the sum earned by every person (on average) in the developing nations. This explicitly implies that the US and the EU farmers were able to produce their products much cheaper than those outside of their countries because of government subsidies. Consequently, based on research by Drabenstott (2008), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service’s (2007), foreign traders found it difficult to introd uce their products into these two markets, since the price of the subsidised farm products were lower than those they could sell their products at, even for them to break even. Although such subsidies resulted in stimulation of, and therefore, over-production of subsidised agricultural sector products, farmers in the US and EU benefited in that they were able to place their surplus products in the market in higher quantities. This case meant that the consumption of the products also increased. Influences on Income In 2002, cotton farmers in America earned much of their revenues from the country’s administration through subsidies brought into force under provisions of the Farm Bill (Morgan, Gaul, Cohen 2009). These subsides also stimulated overproduction of cotton in 2002. Much of this excess production was sold to the global markets at much lower prices well below the break-even points of cotton farmers in the developing world. Similarly, in the EU, in 2004,  £3.30 was spe nt in the exportation of sugar worth £1(Oxfam International 2004, p.39). Although, the subsidies had a positive impact on the incomes earned by EU farmers, global market distortions occurred. Subsidies for agricultural products in the US and the EU have an overall impact of protecting revenue losses that are likely to be encountered by EU and the US farmers. However, in the US for instance, farm subsidies favour large-scale farmers over small-scale ones, with non-farm families’ incomes being negatively impacted (see Fig 2). This situation is inappropriate, especially considering that most of the farm families are located in rural areas where the cost of living is lower. Fig 2: Differences between incomes for large farms and small farms in the US Source: (Becker 2002) Effects of Agricultural Subsidies on Famers Family Budgets Farm policies that are realised through subsidies are meant to provide relief on farmers’ household budgets. Unfortunately, they produce opposi te effects, as Becker (2002) states they, â€Å"harm family farmers by excluding them from most subsidies, encouraging the merging of family farms, and raising land values to levels that prevent young people from entering farming† (p.17). This suggests that agricultural subsidies fail to provide relief to the struggling farmers, especially those who are new to farming, because overproduction results in low prices of agricultural products. In turn, the net effect on the capacity to fund family budgets is minimal. Tax Farm subsidies have the overall impact of increasing the cost of living through increased taxes. As the economy for both the US and the EU continues to boom, congress also increases the subsidies offered to farms. Wyatt and Ashok (2010) support this assertion by claiming, â€Å"After averaging less than $14 billion per year during the 1990s, annual farm subsidies have topped $25 billion in the current decade since the passage of the 2002 farm bill, the most expen sive farm bill in American history† (Wyatt Ashok 2010, p.1931). This argument implies that all spending by the federal governments has to be funded by taxes levied from citizens. In the US, Morgan, Gaul, and Cohen (2009) put the costs of farm subsidies at $216 per household in the form of yearly taxes, with an additional extra charging of $104 per household as escalated food prices. Conclusion The central purpose for enacting farm subsidy policies is centred on the need for alleviating poverty among rural farmers, and provision of food security by encouraging over production. Noting this purpose, the paper argues that scrutiny of the impact towards agricultural subsidies from an economic perspective, fails to contend with this aim. This is because such policies result to disadvantaging small-scale farmers outside the EU and the US, since the subsidies result in over production. The repercussion is to lower the prices of products in the global market, with the result that farm ers’ operations in other nations without the subsidies never break even. Within the US and the EU, subsidies create an imbalance of income between families that own farms and those that do not. Agricultural subsidies make families that own farms to earn higher incomes compared to those that do not own farms, yet families owning farms live in the rural areas where the cost of living is low. Hence, overall, farm subsidies have negative impacts on a nation’s economy, even though farmers (especially large-scale farmers) benefit incredibly from higher incomes. The underlying issue however, is that this is achieved at the expense of the smaller farmers operating in the same global market, who do not enjoy farm subsidies. References Alston, J 2008, Lessons from Agricultural Policy Reform in Other Countries: The 2007 Farm Bill and Beyond, American Enterprise Institute, New York. Amegashie, A 2006, ‘The Economics of Subsidies’, Crossroads, vol. 6 no.2, pp. 7-15. An derson, J 2005, ‘Tariff Index Theory’, Review of International Economics, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 156-173. Babcock, B 2007, Money for Nothing: Acreage and Price Impacts of U.S. Commodity Policy for Corn, Soybeans, Wheat, Cotton, and Rice in American Enterprise Institute, The 2007 Farm Bill and Beyond, AEI Press, Washington, D.C. Becker, E 2002, ‘Land Rich in Subsidies and Poor in Much Else’, The New York Times, January 22, pp.17-18. Chapman, D, Foskett, K, Clarke, M 2006, ‘How Savvy Growers Can Double, or Triple, Subsidy Dollars’, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, vol. 2 no.1, pp. 121-127. Court of Auditors 2003, Special Report no 9/2003 concerning the system for setting the rates of subsidy on exports of agricultural products (export refunds), together with the Commission’s replies, Court of Auditors, London. Covey, T et al. 2007, Agriculture Income and Finance Outlook, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, New York. Dra benstott, M 2008, ‘Do Farm Payments Promote Rural Economic Growth? Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Centre for the Study of Rural America’, The Main Street Economist, vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 57-61. Jerome, M, Stam, D, Milkove, L, George, B 2006, Indicators of Financial Stress in Agriculture Reported by Agri ­cultural Banks, 1982-99 AIS-74, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Krishna, P Panagariya, A 2009, ‘A Unification of Second Best Results in International Trade’, Journal of International Economics, vol. 52 no. 2, pp. 235-257. Kym, A Will, M 2011, ‘Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda’, The World Economy, vol. 28 no. 9, pp. 1301–1327. LaBorde, D 2013, The hidden cost of US and EU farm subsidies, ifpri.org/blog/hidden-costs-us-and-eu-farm-subsidies Mankiw, N 1997, Principles of economics, Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth. Morgan, D, Gaul, G, Cohen, S 2009, ‘Farm Program Pays $1.3 Billion to People Who Dont Farm’, The Washington Post, vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 99-103. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2006, Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: At a Glance, OECD Publishing, Paris. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development 2007, Subsidy Reform and Sustainable Development, OECD, Paris. Oxfam International 2004, ‘A Sweeter Future? The potential for EU sugar reform to contribute to poverty reduction in southern Africa’, Oxfam Briefing Paper No. 70. November 2004, pp. 39-40. Riedl, B 2008, ‘How Farm Subsidies Harm Taxpayers, Consumers, and Farmers, European’, Journal of Economics, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 315-321. Summer, D 2013, Effects of Farm Subsidies for the Rich on Poor Farmers, North Western University, California. Szymanski, S Valletti, T 2005, ‘Incentive Effects of Second Prises’, European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 467-481. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2007, Food Expenditures by Families and Individuals as a Share of Disposable Personal Income data, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Weers, A Hemme, T 2012, Global Review-The Supply of Milk and Dairy Products, Wilhelmitorwall, IFCN Dairy Network. Westcott, P Young, E 2004, U.S. Farm Program Benefits: Links to Planting Decisions and Agricultural Markets, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New York. Wyatt , T Ashok, M 2010, ‘Farm Household Income and Transfer Efficiency: An Evaluation of United States Farm Program Payments’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 91 no. 5, pp. 1926–1937.

Discuss whether Mexico has the potential to become a future global Essay

Discuss whether Mexico has the potential to become a future global economic power - Essay Example In order for the country to achieve such, it requires an appropriate management of its various economic sectors with the view of limiting the various economic threats that have threatened country’s economy in the past. The expansion of the various economic sectors will likely improve the country’s economic potential by increasing the employment rate of the economy thus facilitating an expansion of the economy (Boyes & Michael, 2012). The discussion below portrays some of the major economic features and an elaborate discussion of the current economic state of the country thus developing the growth potential the economy enjoys. Current economic characteristics of the country The Mexican economy has various vibrant sectors all of which sustain the country’s economy. All of the sectors present a potential for expansion thus promising the growth of the economy into a global economic power. Among the most vibrant sectors in the economy are tourism, communication and tr ansportation (Fox, 2002). Transportation sustains the economic growth in any country. With this knowledge, the successive Mexican governments have often invested in the development and expansion of the country’s transport system. The country has long road network that links nearly every part of the country. With an effective road network that joins every part of the country, the economy enjoys faster transportation of both goods and passengers throughout the different cities within the country. Besides the elaborate roads network, the country has a complementary rail network which also facilitates the faster transportation of goods. The development of the electric rail system has further improved the efficiency in the transportation sector, as goods currently take shorter to reach their destinations (Kates, 2007). The country also has various airports and airstrips all of which facilitate the faster transportation of products within the country. The capital city known as Mexi co City has two international airports, which act as the entry points into the country. Through the two facilities, the country maintains an active economic interaction with other countries globally as the two facilitate the transportation of goods in and out of the country (Aaker & Aaker, 2010). The effective and efficient transportation network has attracted hundreds of investors who enjoy the seamless transportation of both goods and humans to every part of the country. Another great factor that has attracted more multinationals into the country is the cheaper labor and electricity costs. The low cost of the two makes the country favorable for setting up companies. Various companies have therefore set up their manufacturing plants in the country (Tabbush, 2011). The fact that the country competes with the likes of China in labor and electricity costs makes it a favorable destination to most of the American multinational companies seeking cheap labor. This way, the country has con tinuously enjoy infrastructural development and an increasing employment opportunities as the companies provide ready employment. Tourism is the country’s main foreign exchange earner. With such a vibrant tourism industry, the country enjoys sustained influx of foreign currency and an equally large employment opportunity. The world tourism organization rated Mexico as the second most visited country in the world in 2001 coming second to the United States (Cavanagh, 2002). The country has